Grace Chisholm Young
Grace Chisholm era la hija menor de Anna Louisa Bell y Henry William Chisholm, importante miembro del gobierno inglés, lo que le permitió acceder a unos estudios normalmente negados a las mujeres. Se educó con institutrices hasta los 17 años, edad en la que aprobó el examen de acceso a la Universidad de Cambridge. En principio iba a estudiar medicina porque solía dedicarse a trabajos sociales con los pobres de Londres, pero su familia se opuso y decidió estudiar Matemáticas en el Girton College, donde recibe clases de William Young.
En 1892 se gradúa y decide trasladarse a Göttingen, capital de las Matemáticas y donde acababa empezar un curso en el que se permitía la matriculación femenina. Aunque años más tarde Klein defenderá el derecho de Emmy Noether a dar clases en la universidad, en ese momento, según cuenta Grace Chisholm:
… no acepta a ninguna mujer que no tenga hecho ya un buen trabajo y pueda demostrarlo […]. El punto de vista del Profesor Klein es moderado. Hay miembros de la Facultad aquí más decididamente a favor de la admisión de mujeres y otros que la desaprueban radicalmente.
Algo vio Klein en ella, pues le dirigió la tesis sobre Los grupos algebraicos en la trigonometría esférica, con la que consigue doctorarse en 1895.
Para saber más…
Los poliedros regulares
Grace opinaba que había que enseñar la geometría manipulando cuerpos geométricos en tres dimensiones. De estos cuerpos hay 5 y sólo 5 que cumplen unas determinadas propiedades:
- Convexos: si tomo dos puntos dentro de ellos, el segmento que los une también está dentro. Se puede saber colocando una hoja sobre cualquier cara: si todo el cuerpo queda en un lado de la hoja, es convexo.
- Sus caras son todas iguales: si son cuadrados, todas cuadrados; si son triángulos, todas triángulos.
- Cada cara es un polígono regular: todos sus lados son iguales.
Con estas condiciones sólo hay cinco figuras, que se llaman poliedros regulares o sólidos platónicos.
Para ampliar tus conocimientos sobre los sólidos platónicos, puedes visitar la web de Actividades Matemáticas dónde aprenderás por qué se llaman así, la historia de los intentos fallidos de Kepler por explicar los movimientos del sistema solar y la estructura del universo utilizando los 5 poliedros regulares, …
Si quieres ver muchos más poliedros no regulares y otros sólidos geométricos, puedes visitar la web de “Modelos de papel de poliedros“. En ella puedes bajarte el desarrollo plano de una gran cantidad de figuras para imprimirlas, recortarlas y pegarlas construyendo de esta manera los sólidos geométricos que más te gusten.
Podemos leer más sobre Grace en la web e intentar resolver el problema de la salamandra y la mosca.
Yo creo que Crace Young tuvo mucha suerte con sus estudios gracias a que era hija de un miembro del gobierno inglés y que gracias a ella sabemos que es mejor para los niños aprender los cuerpos en el espacio antes que en el plano.
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